The article is a continuation of the series of articles for disruptive technologies for smart cities we started publishing in April, 2020. The article is based on the outputs produced by partners under the project Smart Technologies by design (Smart by Design) and is the last from these series.

It was found that there are many digital and/or data-based technologies that are to a large extend applicable in the real conditions of the city and contribute to its coping with public problems or challenges. They are used in diverse areas like transport, energy, utility, urban, health, etc.

These technologies are called smart city technologies and the main purpose of the Smart Technologies by Design project has been to map and select eleven technologies that refer (to the greatest extent) to the concept of a smart city and have already been implemented in diverse areas of application of one city. This article presents Virtual reality.

Virtual reality (VR) is a three-dimensional, computer-generated environment that people can explore and interact with. This technology places the user in a new experience; immersing them and making them interact with a new 3D world.

The main purpose of VR resides in simulating as many senses as possible, like vision, hearing, touching, and even smelling. It is very common to mix VR with the Augmented Reality (AR). While AR simulates artificial objects in a real environment, VR creates a fully artificial environment for the interaction of users.

In order to achieve a full VR experience, it has to correspond with the following aspects:

• Believable: the user has to believe or feel that is in another world.
• Interactive: as the user moves, the VR world needs to move as well.
• Computer-generated: only powerful computers with realistic 3D computer graphics are fast enough to make it believable and interactive enough.
• Explorable: it has to be big and detailed enough, so that the user is able to explore it and discover the “virtual world”.
• Immersive: the VR needs to engage both, mind and body of the user.

As there are some technologies that do not respond in the same way like the previous requirements, there are different types of VR:

• Fully Immersive: which contains a detailed virtual world to explore, a powerful computer and hardware which will help to fully immerse in the environment.
• Non-Immersive: simulators with big screens or headphones, but without a fully immersive experience can be considered as VR. There are some examples in which full immersion is not needed like: flight simulators, 3D buildings, etc.
• Collaborative: it is a non-immersive technology/entertainment which permits sharing the virtual world with other people. Ex: Minecraft.
• Web-based: it is basically trying to create a virtual world on the web but without any immersive experience.
• Virtual Reality needs some gadgets, which make the experience more realistic: Head-mounted displays (glasses), immersive rooms, data gloves or wands.

​Some of the best-known providers of VR technology providers are:

• Daydream
• EON Reality
• Virtuix
• Facebook VR
• Obsess
• Bella VR
• VR-Star 
• WorldViz
• Sansar
• 8i.com
• Vive
• Virtalis

Moreover, currently, VR needs some special glasses or Head-mounted displays (HMD) in order to create the virtual world. Some of those glasses are:

• Oculus Rift
• HTC Vive Pro
• Sony PlayStation VR
• Samsung Odyssey /Windows Mixed Reality

There are already some international standards for VR applications:

• ISO/IEC 14772-2:2004: Information technology -- Computer graphics and image processing -- The Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) -- Part 2: External authoring interface (EAI)
• ISO/IEC 14772-1:1997: Information technology -- Computer graphics and image processing -- The Virtual Reality Modeling Language -- Part 1: Functional specification and UTF-8 encoding
• ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 24: Computer graphics, image processing, and environmental data representation
• ISO/IEC 14496-3:2009: Information technology -- Coding of audio-visual objects -- Part 3: Audio
• ISO/IEC TR 15440:2016: Information technology -- Future keyboards and other input devices and entry methods
• ISO 9241-940:2017: Ergonomics of human-system interaction -- Part 940: Evaluation of tactile and haptic interactions

Apart from these, there are many standards and projects under development by the IEEE.

VR is a technology that is used in a lot of different types of applications:

• Military: flight simulation, medic training, virtual boot camp, battlefield simulation
• Healthcare: human simulation, virtual reality, virtual robotic surgery
• Fashion: a virtual fashion show, second life fashion
• Business: virtual tours of business environments, 360º view of products, training of employees
• Sport: VR performance, equipment design and innovation, events closer to the audience
• Scientific visualization: showing complex ideas in visual formats for physics, biology, astronomy, chemistry
• Construction: virtual exploring design, simulated construction, viability
• Education: virtual reality astronomy, technology closer to children
• Entertainment: virtual museums, galleries, virtual theme parks, discovery centers
• Virtual heritage sites: monuments, sculptures, historical buildings, old towns, caves, archaeological sites
• Engineering: design-cycle, rail construction, car design
• Film and TV: music, books, art
• Training of professionals in different sectors
• Support for cognitive diseases and elder people

It is obvious that Virtual Reality is one of the most promising technologies for the future. Firms will continue trying to send users to new places that have not been before and providing new solutions to multiple sectors.

VR is originally linked to the gaming and entertainment industries but it will also influence other fields. For example, students will be able to explore historical places immersing them in virtual worlds. Even if it seems a very difficult approach in the short term, new platforms and solutions will be developed in order to improve and evolve Virtual Reality towards a more realistic and affordable technology.

​The idea is that the future of VR will involve more than headsets and controllers, it is expected to be more physical. It will be more sensory-oriented than nowadays, which is more focused on the visual sense.

Next devices are expected to introduce much better touch controls, temperature change or smells, making them more complete reality simulators.

​There are already some standards established in VR. But, as mentioned above, there are lots of working groups conducting new projects with the objective of placing new standards. Some of the most relevant ones are:

• IEEE P2048.1: Standard for Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality: Device Taxonomy and Definitions
• IEEE P2048.2: Standard for Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality: Immersive Video Taxonomy and Quality Metrics
• IEEE P2048.3: Standard for Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality: Immersive Video File and Stream Formats
• IEEE P2048.4: Standard for Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality: Person Identity
• IEEE P2048.5: Standard for Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality: Environment Safety
• IEEE P2048.6: Standard for Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality: Immersive User Interface
• IEEE P2048.7: Standard for Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality: Map for Virtual Objects in the Real World
• IEEE P2048.8: Standard for Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality: Interoperability Between Virtual Objects and the Real World
• IEEE P2048.9: Standard for Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality: Immersive Audio Taxonomy and Quality Metrics

As it is a very cross-sectorial technology that can be applied to most sectors, countless applications will be developed in the future. Some of those can be next ones:

•  Business : virtual conferences which will save lots of traveling costs
• Gaming: the fully immersive experience
• Travelling industry: being able to transfer any environment from the world to some local point allowing people with difficulties to travel
• Films: in the same way that the 3D films started, a fully immersive watching films experience will be available in the future
• Surgery: even if some platforms already appeared, there is still a very long way to go in order to implement it in a more practical and wide way
• Space exploration
• Quality of life: the life of people with impairment, diseases or physical problems will be able to enjoy a better life, simulating other realities
• Training for any industrial or logistic sectors

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​Augmented Reality (AR) is the enhanced version of reality where live direct or indirect views of physical real-world environments are augmented with superimposed computer-generated images over a user's view of the real-world. In other words, AR is the integration of digital information with the user’s environment in real time.

It is common for people to confuse it with Virtual Reality (VR), but AR uses an already existing natural environment and superimposes on top of it. Users of AR experience a new and improved natural world with the interaction of virtual information which provides different interactive options. On the other hand, VR creates a totally new artificial  environment.

Even if the technology, apparently, is perfect for leisure and enjoyment, the truth is that AR is becoming very useful in many other industries such as healthcare, public sector, tourism, marketing, etc.

Augmented Reality embraces different type of technologies. All of them have different own use cases:

• Marker Based Augmented Reality: using a camera and a visual marker, some results are obtained when a reader senses a marker (ex: QR Code). This is the simplest AR technology as it does not need much power to process.
• Marker-less Augmented Reality: this kind of AR uses GPS, digital compass, velocity meter or other type of sensors to provide data on location. This is mostly used for mapping, locating directions or businesses...
• Projection Based Augmented Reality: it projects artificial light onto real world surfaces. It is used mostly to overlap holograms.
• Superimposition Based Augmented Reality: it replaces the original object with a newly augmented view of that object. It is very useful for commercial uses.

There are some components required for AR devices: sensors, cameras, projectors, processors and reflection machines.

As mentioned above, there are many different types of applications of Augmented Reality in different use cases. Below are some use cases and providers:

• Google glass
• XºVito Technology's Star Walk
• Layar
• Augmented Reality for IOS
• Ikea augmented reality furniture catalog
• Microsoft Kinect for Xbox
• Vuforia
• Roar
• Eon Reality
• Plattar
• ViewAR
• Augment
• Apple AR Kit 

There are many international standards for the application of the Augmented Reality in multiple sectors. Some of the most relevant ones:

• IEEE P802.15.8 - Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Peer Aware Communications (PAC)
• IEEE P1278.2 - Draft Standard for Distributed Interactive Simulation - Communication Services and Profiles
• IEEE P1484.11.1 - Draft Standard for Learning Technology--Data Model for Content Object Communication
• IEEE P1589 - Standard for an Augmented Reality Learning Experience Model
• IEEE P2048.1 - Standard for Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality: Device Taxonomy and Definitions
• IEEE P2048.2 - Standard for Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality: Immersive Video Taxonomy and Quality Metrics
• IEEE P2048.3 - Standard for Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality: Immersive Video File and Stream Formats
• IEEE P2048.4 - Standard for Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality: Person Identity
• IEEE P2048.5 - Standard for Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality: Environment Safety
• IEEE P2200 - Draft Standard Protocol for Stream Management in Media Client Devices
• IEEE P3333.1.2 - Standard for the Perceptual Quality Assessment of Three Dimensional (3D) and Ultra High Definition (UHD) Contents
• IEEE 802.1AB-2009 - IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks -- Station and Media Access Control Connectivity Discovery
• IEEE 802.1AE-2006 - IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks: Media Access Control (MAC) Security
• IEEE 802.1AX-2008 - IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks - Link Aggregation*
• IEEE 802.1AR-2009 - IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks - Secure Device Identity
• ISO/IEC 23000-13:2017 Information technology - Multimedia application format (MPEG-A) - Part 13: Augmented reality application format
• ISO 9241-940:2017 Ergonomics of human-system interaction -- Part 940: Evaluation of tactile and haptic interactions

For a more exhaustive list with standards, read here.

Augmented Reality is a very new technology that is still working in setting standards. Especially the IEEE Standards Association is working on new standards for virtual and augmented realities, with a working group establishing categories for devices. Standards related to video quality, user interfaces, and file formats. Even if there are already a great number of projects and standards identified, more will be discussed due to the different sectors able to apply them.
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Some of the standards under development are:

• ISO/IEC DIS 18039 Information technology -- Mixed and augmented reality (MAR) reference model
• ISO/IEC AWI 21858 Information model for mixed and augmented reality (MAR) contents
• ISO/IEC DIS 18040 Information technology -- Computer graphics, image processing, and environmental data representation -- Live actor and entity representation in mixed and augmented reality (MAR)
• ISO/IEC DIS 18520 Information technology -- Computer graphics, image processing, and environmental data representation -- Benchmarking of vision-based spatial registration and tracking methods for mixed and augmented reality (MAR)
• ISO/IEC CD 18038 Information technology -- Computer graphics, image processing, and environmental data representation and coding of audio, picture, multimedia, and hypermedia information -- Sensor representation in mixed and augmented reality (MAR)

Augmented Reality has an enormous potential in most of the sectors. Some of the potential uses are:

• Healthcare: probably one of the most benefitted sectors thanks to the AR. It will help to improve complicate medical procedures. It will also help for the training of non-expert surgeons and students.
• Education: it will allow students to be trained in the simulation of real environments accelerating the learning process.
• Recruitment: new recruiting techniques imply the use of new technologies like VR and AR.
• Reality glasses for people with any visual impairment to help them with daily life difficulties.
• Reparation and maintenance of machines.
• Ecommerce: previsualization of products.
• Shows and sports visualization: it will provide a better view of what is happening in some fields in which the view is not the best (ex: golf).
• Navigation and location, showing best places or meeting points in 3D.
• Gaming will keep improving and trying to maximize the AR which will help them to provide a more realistic way of gaming.
• Silver Economy: where elder people will be able to recreate some of past moments and will be able to train their cognitive capacities.
• Sales: where sellers will be able to show previously how their product will be produced (Automotive industries for example
• The gaming industry will continue evolving thanks to the application of AR on most platforms.

​Author
KISMC

​

Blockchain is a technology that stores transactions between two users belonging to the same network in a secure, reliable and permanent way. It is an incorruptible digital ledger of economic transactions that can be programmed to record virtually everything of value.

Data related to exchanges is saved in cryptographic blocks which are interconnected with a hierarchical sequence, creating a chain of different data blocks, giving the name to the technology. It allows users to trace and verify all transactions made. It is impossible to manipulate or change retrospectively making these transactions safer and more secure than current systems.

One of the most important and well-known uses of this technology are the crypto-currencies like Bitcoin.

There are three technologies required for the implementation of the Blockchain:

1. Private key cryptography
2. Distributed network with a shared ledger
3. Incentive to service the network’s transactions, record-keeping and security

The way it works is the following one: two individuals who are willing to make a transaction hold two keys each: a public and a private one. Combining these two keys and thanks to the cryptography allows users to generate secure digital identities referencing points. This security is the main component of Blockchain, which using both keys generates a digital signature, enabling a useful tool for the certification and controlling of the ownerships. This digital signature is combined with the distributed network where individuals act as validators of transactions who will reach a consensus about transactions. The process is certified by mathematical verification and is used to ensure the network and accept the transaction with new types of digital interactions.

The main advantages of this technology are:

• disintermediation
• empowered users
• high quality data
• durability
  
• reliability
• longevity
• process integration
• transparency
• immutability
• ecosystem simplification
• faster transactions
• lower transaction costs

Big firms have their own blockchain platforms. Here are the most well-known ones:

• Microsoft Enterprise Smart Contracts
• Etherum
• R3
• Hiper R3
• SAP Cloud Platform
• BitSE
• Blocko
• Blockstream
• Paystand
• Peer Ledger
• Deloitte
• Waves
• Blockstarter
• Ripple
• NEM

Main international standardization offices like ISO and IEEE have currently working groups for the standardization of Blockchain processes. But currently they do not have concrete standards implemented.

It is still a young technology which is currently being implemented in different sectors. Some of the most common applications are:

• Payment processing and money transfers
• Monitor supply chains
• Firm loyalty reward programmes
• Digital ID
• Data sharing
• Copyright and intellectual properties
• Voting systems
• Real state, land and auto ownership transfers
• Food safety
• Immutable data backup
• Tax regulation
• Medical recordkeeping
• Equity trading
• Managing IOT networks
• Security access to belongings
• Tracking prescription drugs

Blockchain will be implemented in several sectors and will be able to evolve the way users interact. Therefore, new platforms will be developed in order to face the challenges and opportunities that this new technology will bring.
Some of those opportunities are:

• Most governments are expected to use or create some virtual currencies which are based on blockchain technology.
• A cross-border, blockchain-based, self-sovereign identity standard will emerge for individuals, as well as physical and virtual assets.
• It is expected that by 2030, most of world trade will be conducted using blockchain technologies.
• Existing legal system will become obsolete and will need to be updated.
• Blockchain will join IoT technologies.
• People will take control of their online identities.

There are several working groups working on standards for the blockchain technology. Here are some of those which are under development:

• ISO/AWI 23257: Blockchain and distributed ledger technologies -- Reference architecture
• ISO/AWI 22739:  Blockchain and distributed ledger technologies -- Terminology 
• ISO/NP TR 23578: Blockchain and distributed ledger technologies -- Discovery issues related to interoperability 
• ISO/NP TR 23576: Blockchain and distributed ledger technologies -- Security of digital asset custodians 
• ISO/NP TR 23455: Blockchain and distributed ledger technologies -- Overview of and interactions between smart contracts in blockchain and distributed ledger technology systems 
• ISO/AWI TS 23259: Blockchain and distributed ledger technologies -- Legally binding smart contracts 
• ISO/AWI TS 23258: Blockchain and distributed ledger technologies -- Taxonomy and Ontology 
• ISO/NP TR 23246: Blockchain and distributed ledger technologies -- Overview of identity management using blockchain and distributed ledger technologies 
• ISO/NP TR 23245: Blockchain and distributed ledger technologies -- Security risks and vulnerabilities 
• ISO/NP TR 23244: Blockchain and distributed ledger technologies -- Overview of privacy and personally identifiable information (PII) protection 
• IEEE SA - 2418.1: Standard for the Framework of Blockchain Use in the Internet of Things (IoT)
• IEEE SA - 2418.2: Standard Data Format for Blockchain Systems

Blockchain is identified as one of the most disruptive technologies and is destined to change the way internet works nowadays. As it is still quite new and firms are starting to implement it, there are still lot of potential applications including for smart cities’ solutions.
​
Below is presented a non-exhaustive list of areas of blockchain applications:

• Smart cities by adding a security level in economy, mobility, security, culture, environment sector depending on urban administrations.
• Ending of piracy in music, books and movies. It will help to control this, by signing each digital copy of a single file to a single purchaser.
• Smart contracts: it will create secure and irrevocable contracts with more transparency. It will strengthen relationships enhancing the innovation.
• Identify theft control.
• Governance: will improve transparency and reliability in voting and taxes.
• Automated management: using the P2P (peer to peer) system, it does not need central authorities to manage transactions.
• Digital assets: bonds, land titles, stock and flyer miles will be digitized thanks to the blockchain in the same way of cryptocurrencies.
• Supply chain: blockchain will help companies to communicate easier with clients, enabling faster and more efficient processes.

This is next article from the series we started this year for disruptive technologies for smart cities. The content is based on the outputs produced under the project Smart technologies by design (Smart by Design).

Collaborative Robotics (Cobots) is referring to machines which are designed for a direct interaction with humans in their working spaces without any security fence. They are lighter, more flexible, easier to install and with an affordable price than traditional production machines. This is the reason why they are perfectly suitable for SMEs. These robots have a fast return of investment; do not require specialized technicians for the assembling and launching and they are reconfigurable which allows them to be incorporated in different points of the production line, optimizing productivity.

They represent a new era in the industrial automation, as they allow the introduction of robots in sectors and industrial processes in which was not feasible until now.

The Collaborative Robots are feasible for any type of companies. Some of the most remarkable advantages in comparison with traditional robots are:

• Able to relocate in different installations: cobots are very flexible and easy to integrate them in different processes;
• Human interaction: cobots are conceived to work side by side with workmen offering a cooperation environment;
• Shared space: cobots are very safe and are able to work with humans without the requirement of protections and added security;
• Easy to program: they have an intuitive and easy-to-use interface and do not require any specific skills;
• Profitability: robotic arms have an amortization period of less than a year.

The number of robotic companies offering collaborative robotics is increasing due to the advantages described above. But, some of the most well-known producers are:

• VECNA
• ROBOTIQ
• Rethink Robotics
• Universal Robots
• ABB Inc.
• FANUC
• Omron
• Festo
• Locus Robotics
• Epson Robots
• CEATECH

There are some standards related to collaborative robots at international level: 
​

• ISO 10218-1:2006 (updated 2011) and ISO 10218-2:2011 are the industrial robot standards that initially covered collaborative applications
• Part 1: Robot only (manipulator and controller)
• Part 2: Robot system/cell and application
• ANSI/RIA R15.06-2012 is an adoption of ISO 10218-1:2011 & ISO 10218-2:2011
• And under the ISO/TS 15066:2016: Robots and robotic devices – Collaborative robots. This standard is a technical specification on collaborative robots
• ISO/TS 15066:2016 specifies safety requirements for collaborative industrial robot systems and the work environment, and supplements the requirements and guidance on collaborative industrial robot operation given in ISO 10218‑1 and ISO 10218‑2.
• ISO/TS 15066:2016 applies to industrial robot systems as described in ISO 10218‑1 and ISO 10218‑2. It does not apply to non-industrial robots, although the safety principles presented can be useful to other areas of robotics.

​

Cobots are very useful in most of industrial environments, but some of their applications are:

• Pick and place
• Machine tending
• Packaging
• Material Handling
• Injection moulding
• CNC
• Quality inspection
• Assembly
• Polishing
• Screw driving
• Lab analysis and testing
• Gluing, dispensing and welding

​

The industry is beginning to recognize the benefits of more standardization in robotics. This is also becoming recognized within research, where there has been a lack of standardized benchmarking practices. The standards already developed for Collaborative Robotics are fundamentally in guidelines to ensure the security, like the above-mentioned ISO/TS 15066. This and more standards will be necessary to integrate and update in order to respond the changing needs of the robotics industry.
​
In the next future, researchers will be working in order to introduce domain-specific safety standards and will test them on specific robotic systems. In the long run, it will be expanded to develop industry norms for robot operation and standards for long-term interaction with multiple users. Another topic for future rules and standards will be the development of robotic based interfaces.  
​

The number of industrial companies using cobots in their facilities will keep growing, due to the advantages they bring. But in the future, new “generation” robots will be needed, with “smarter skills”:

• Dialoguing robots
• Truly Collaborative Robots with ability to “take decisions”
• Fully autonomous robots
• Robots with AI
• Machine learning
• Adaptative robots to users
• Self-repairing robots
• Application in new industries

Author
KISMC

This article is a continuation of the series of articles for disruptive technologies for smart cities we started publishing in April, 2020. It is a result of the ongoing Erasmus+ project Smart technologies by design (Smart by Design) and is based on the outputs produced by the project partners led GAIA & DEUSTO and ARIES T.
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Cyber-physical systems or CPS involve the merging of computing, storage and communication capabilities with capabilities of monitoring and control of physical elements. That is to say, endow physical objects with “intelligence” so that they can interconnect. As they are interconnected to each other they employ the global digital networks to monitor, control, and use the information that is available in the virtual world, and even learn, cooperate, and evolve. This sort of technologies have a wide range of uses and may be used in most sectors (manufacturing, power, health, smart cities, transport, etc.).

A cyber-physical system is made up of objects, electronics and software. There are two types of objects that connect CPS to the outside world: sensors that collect and process data and actuators: which control the systems. The services connected to the internet use the data obtained and send commands to the actuators which then perform the appropriate actions (Derler. P, et al 2012). While IOT (Internet of Things) are individual objects that offer services over the internet, CPS systems are able to interpret the physical elements and interact creating smart environments.
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• Quark System on Chip Platform (Intel) 
• Connectivity Platform (Schneider)
• INEMO inertial Platform  (STM) 
• Power Management Platform (Infineon) 
• Integrated and Open Dvt Platform (AVL)  
• STM32 Microcontroller Platform (STM)  
• Nexmachina 

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The National Institute of Standards (NIST) is working to create a draft version of framework for cyber-physical systems (CPS). This framework has been created to establish a basis with which CPS may be developed, designed and built to work with other smart systems. The framework has been developed with a two-year period by a working group (public-private) with information from various interest groups, including government agencies and telecommunication, ICT and transport sectors.

​Traditional standards such as ISO-29002 have been complemented with open standards from the Internet world managed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) as in the case of Uniform Resource Identifier (URI).
​

CPS systems are used to connect a physical element to a digital element in order to improve performance and efficiency. They are ever increasingly common within the industry and in production processes along with the Internet of Things (IoT).

At present, there are many uses of CPS, such as (Obradors, M. 2016):

• Controlling an industrial machine to optimise performance
• Monitoring the status of machines and maintenance
• Driving assistance with vehicles that are interconnected to one another and to the road infrastructure
  
• Collaborating robots that can learn from each other
• Improve healthcare systems through the monitoring and personalisation of care
• Improve traffic control avoiding jams, choosing alternative routes, etc.
• Smart Buildings, creating smarter buildings with reduced energy consumption.
  
  As can be seen, such technologies offer a large number of possibilities in virtually any industry.

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When we speak of the fourth industrial revolution, we say that it will be based on cyber-physical systems, IOT and services. Hence, work will be done on the development of platforms in these areas. Industrial assistance systems based on CPS will be needed to attract, help and train the next generation of workers in smart factories. Systems such as dual or augmented reality will identify workflows and accelerate the learning of new production processes and will allow manufacturing to be done at any place.
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The products must be reproducible within the whole ecosystem of the factory, so that anything can be done at any place. That is to say, there will be greater flexibility in terms of resource capacity. With the use of smart capabilities in real time functions with sensors at all levels of the factory and production cycles, manufacturers will be able to see whatever is happening in the production lines of the company at all times. Quick decision-making capacity will grow ensuring greater quality and flexibility. In this regard, cyber-physical systems will be key offering connectivity and interaction between machines within the production processes.
​

​Research on standards is being conducted at many laboratories such as NIST, including programmes in advanced manufacturing, cybersecurity, structures and buildings, disaster resilience and smart grids. The design and development of a CPS test bench to characterise CPS equipment, systems, performance and standards is key to progress. 
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New applications for CPS systems along with IoT especially in the field of Industry 4.0 will continue to appear. It is expected that the production hierarchy that has been in use until now be transformed into a “decentralised self-organisation”. The production plants will gain flexibility and will be much more independent while all systems within the production will be interconnected and will “learn” from each other.
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Once they are integrated into smart electricity grids, it is expected that they will control the generation and distribution of electricity in the near future. Work will also continue on improving traffic safety, reducing CO2 pollution.



Author
KISMC

This article is a continuation of an article we published in August 2020 - “Disruptive Technologies for Smart Cities – Cloud Computing” for the presentation of the interim results of the ongoing Erasmus+ project Smart technologies by design (Smart by Design). The article is based on the materials produced by the project partners GAIA & DEUSTO.
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Data Analytics is the approach that allows companies to analyse the data they generate in their activity enabling them to draw conclusions that affect their business. Better known as Big Data, companies manage this information in order to adopt strategies that will help them to improve their business turnover. Thus, it helps them improve operational efficiency, customer user experience and also allows them to improve their business models. All these data generated by companies in their activity is one of the concerns they have to face today. They should evaluate the importance of this information, what information they will have to store or even what part of all these data they can sell.
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Data analysis means the translation of information into opportunities for companies to take advantage of all these data (Schneider. 2017). This is why, “Data Analytics” is also called as a translator or business generator, because it allows to explore personalised solutions to carry out your projects. At present, information as services is a business model that is expanding wherein increasingly more businesses are seeking to monetise the information they obtain. According to the International Statistical Institute, businesses that use information will see their productivity increase by 430 billion dollars by 2020 in contrast with those that do not use it.
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Services offered by platforms related to information analysis is growing along with new solutions in terms of storage capacities as well as processing. Some of the platforms that currently exist are as follows:

• Hadoop
• Gridgain
• HPCC
• Storm
• Spark
• Hive
• Kafka
• Flume

​The first standard on big data was published in the end of 2015 by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), hence, there are already international rules and standards. ITU-T Y.3600: provides requisites, capabilities and use cases of cloud computing based big data (Y.BigDatareqts, 2015).

Big Data when merged with Cloud Computing offers the ability to collect, store, analyse, visualise and handle large amounts of data, which cannot be analysed with traditional technologies (Iglesias. A, 2015).
​

When we refer to data analysis, we can differentiate five key applications of such technologies: ​

1. Explore massive data or Big Data management. Information management is assumed to be one of the biggest challenges that the companies will be facing for best decision-making, operations improvement and risk reduction. To obtain a more complete view of customers. The companies have a greater number of information sources about their customers, which they manage to provide better and more personalised services, as well as to predict customer behaviour.

• Increase in security. Such technologies are used in order to prevent attacks by locating anomalies that may occur, by analysing patterns and threats. In this usage type, we can distinguish three applications:

• Improve intelligence and surveillance: with continued real time analysis to find patterns.
• Prevention of attacks: with network traffic analysis to deal with espionage, intrusiveness, cyber attacks…
• Prediction and prevention of cybercrime: by analysing telecommunications and social network data to analyse threats and to act before the criminals.

• Operations Analysis. Helps companies to make operational decisions, increasing their intelligence and efficiency. To do so, they can check the updated information with the different possible systems.
• Increase in data storage. Creation of new data storage structures.

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​The expected evolution is that the data volumes will continue to grow due to the expected increase in the number of networked devices. The future platforms will improve the ways in which data is analysed, while SQL will continue to be the standard, Spark is emerging as a complementary tool which will continue to grow.

New tools will be created to analyse without an analyst, companies such as Microsoft and Salesforce have announced such type of solutions. Programmes such as Kafka and Spark that allow to use these data in real time will also continue to be developed. According to many experts, it is thought that “fast data” and “actionable data” will replace big data. It is also expected that algorithm markets will emerge. Companies will begin to buy algorithms instead of programming them and add their own information (Logicalis, 2016). Although such type of solutions already exist, it is assumed that these will grow multi-fold.
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On the other hand, one of the challenges data analytics platforms will face is privacy, especially since the latest regulations made by the European Commission.
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With regard to standards, The Big Data Value Association (BDVA) is working to define standards of Big Data priorities and interoperability. The association has a team dedicated to this matter (Task Force 6) that, as of today, has already defined a reference model for Big Data.

​A workshop was held in Brussels in June 2017 to collaborate with other standardisation communities to create a roadmap for the harmonisation of Big Data standards. Representations from ETSI, AIOTI WG3, CEN/CENELEC, OASC, ISO/JTC1/WG9, W3C, OneM2M, Industry 4.0, European Commission, PPP based important Big Data projects among others, participated in the event. Follow-up activities took place in 2017 on the side-lines of the ISO IEC JTC1 WG9 Data Reference Architecture meeting held in Dublin.
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Information analysis has a large number of potential applications and areas of use (Marr.B, 2016):

• Continue working in customer segmentation
• Optimisation and understanding of business processes
• Monitoring and optimisation of business processes
• Improve public health systems
• Improve sport yields of citizens
• Improvements in science and innovation
• Optimise the performance of machinery of companies
• Improvement in security and support for the fulfilment of law
• Applications in Smart Cities related solutions
• Finance

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The article is a continuation of an article we published in June 2020 - “Disruptive Technologies for Smart Cities - Artificial Intelligence” for the presentation of the interim results of the ongoing Erasmus+ project Smart technologies by design (Smart by Design). The article is based on the materials produced by the project partners GAIA & DEUSTO.

Cloud Computing is a set of technologies that enables computational services over the network (usually the Internet). Namely, they are services accessible from any device connected to the network and allows access to applications, information and services without having to be installed on a hard drive. This type of technology enables the user to obtain total mobility as they can access their services, programmes and information from anywhere (Xhafa, F. et al., 2014).

There are many companies that offer “cloud” services ranging from storage of files to running of software programmes accessible over the network. Therefore, Cloud computing represents a significant change in how companies and public bodies process data, files and applications. It offers thousands of tools to users and it is a service which may be accessed by all in terms of cost as it is normally provided through licenses granted depending on the number of users in each company. It also has a high level of security provided by the service provider and allows to work in a team remotely. According to Forrester Research, the global cloud market has a compound annual growth rate of 22% and is expected to reach $146 billion by the end of 2017 and 236 billion by 2020.

• Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2)
• Windows Azure
• Google App Engine 
• Red Hat Openshift
• IBM SmartCloud
• VM Cloud Suite
• Openstack
• Github
• Heroku
• Salesforce
• Success Factors
• Twilio

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Cloud Computing is a relatively new technology and therefore there are several entities still developing standards and it is assumed that there is still a long way to go. Currently, there are two types of standards related to cloud computing: prescriptive (communications) and evaluative (systems quality) (Aguilar, P. et al., 2016).

In terms of ISO standards as of today the following exist (De Hert, P, et al., 2016):

• ISO 27018: best practices for the control of data protection for cloud computing services;
• ISO/IEC 27001 and ISO/IEC 27002: information security management aimed at cloud service providers. As mentioned before, there are several entities working on this issue. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) establishes internet standards, which has so far created RFC 6208 that describe the media types for the Cloud Data Management interfaces. On the other hand, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) assigned its teams to work on standardisation and cloud security.

These work groups have henceforth published several recommendations:

• ITU-T Y.3501: reference framework for Cloud Computing
• ITU-T Y.3510: infrastructure requirements
• ITU-T Y.3520: resource management of end users
• ITU-T Y.3511: inter-network and infrastructure communication
• ITU-T X.1600: security framework for Cloud Computing
• ITU-T Y.ccdef: Cloud Computing - overview and vocabulary
• ITU-T Y.ccra: Cloud Computing reference architecture

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Cloud computing has many potential applications and the most relevant are:

• Storage: to be able to access and share information (Mega, Google Drive, Amazon Cloud Drive…)
• Version control: to manage software repository projects (GitHub, Kiln, Springloops…)
• CRM: to increase sales and strengthen customer relationships (Microsoft Dynamics CRM Online, NetSuite CRM+, Maximizer CRM…)
• Email marketing: monitoring and sending email marketing campaigns (Constant contact, AWeber, eConnectMail…)
• Development environments: to create applications from any place (Cloud9 IDE, Codenvy, Koding…)
• Time management: manage work team time (Harvest, Toggl, DeskTime…)
• Project management: Clarizen, Genius Project, Daptiv…
• Help desk: Zendesk, Get Satisfaction, Desk.com...
• Usage metrics: (Flurry, Segment.io, FoxMetrics…)
• ​Application monitoring: appdynamics, Boundary, Compuware

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Cloud Computing is already a reality with a lot of companies that have implemented this technology or are in the process of doing so. But this is expected to continue to grow until almost all companies need these services so that they can continue with their activities.

There are three areas where Cloud Computing will continue to develop in order to continue to grow and to take advantage of all its benefits and opportunities:

1. Geographical location: higher quality connectivity must be ensured in order to ensure more efficient services.
2. Economic situation: as some companies are still reluctant to take the step.
3. Security: efforts should be made to ensure that companies believe that their data is safe on the cloud and trust the services
   
   

Despite these three drawbacks that should be overcome, ever-increasing number of companies and users will opt for Cloud Computing for all the benefits it offers. Areas not yet exploited till now will be developed, as increase in bandwidth and supplier capabilities will enable them to do so, such as:

• Games: instead of running games on the local computer, information will be sent to the cloud, and will be executed there without the need for any type of installation.
• Mobile web: similar to applications for PCs that are now mostly being developed, it is assumed that solutions will also be there for mobile environments.
  
  ​With regard to companies, according to most subject matter experts, all of them will use hybrid clouds to provide solutions to their problems, that is to say, private clouds for critical or sensitive information and public clouds for more generic solutions or for information that has no special relevance. Cloud environments will require greater agility, flexibility and speed in the IT departments. Therefore, professionals will not be able to work individually, they will have to collaborate with peers and third parties.

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There are many entities working on the standardisation of cloud computing. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is one among them which is working on this issue the most and has two new standards in draft phase:

1. The first presents a framework of reference for Cloud systems based on design of interoperable services and their integration;
   
2. The second presents a scenario of inter-operation between clouds offering transcoding and interoperability requirements affecting sending of multimedia content.

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Until now, three types of cloud based services were offered: Software as a Service (SaaS), Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) and Platform as a Service (PaaS), but henceforth, we will hear more of XaaS (Everything as a Service). Cloud computing involves a change in the processing of information and its management, enabling all types of companies to acquire features of larger firms.

Everything that until now required installation of expensive infrastructure only within the reach of a few, in the coming years will be accessible to all and will create new service models such as Big Data as a Service, Graphics as a Service, Desktop as a Service. As described before, specific applications will be created for the Gaming industry as well as for mobile devices.
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Author
KISMC
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Smart Cities are, by design, municipalities that address challenges via a process of digital transformation (DX); in fact, the mission of Smart Cities can be described as “outcomes-based digital transformation”. This means using new methods of innovation and creativity, and new sources of information to enhance experiences, increase sustainability and resilience, and improve financial and operational performance.

Information Technologies (IT) that use a combination of cloud, mobility, and data analytics have the power to provide new solutions to long-standing urban challenges and enable new experiences for residents and communities, visitors and tourists, and local businesses. (IDC white paper “Accelerating the Digital Transformation of Smart Cities and Smart Communities”, 19 December 2017. Posted in Intelligent / Smart Cities Solutions).

Here we have presented some good practices for the digital transformation of cities in Bulgaria, based on smart city technologies.
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The city of Sofia participated in the initiative Digital Cities Challenge of the European Commission. The result was the elaboration of the Digital transformation strategy for Sofia (DTSS): A platform for smart growth. DTSS defined an action plan and a series of actions that strengthen the ICT business ecosystem located in Sofia, enabling the development of innovative solutions for the digital transformation of the city.

​As for further implementation of the action plan the city signed a technical support agreement with the European Investment Bank for its realisation through concrete investment projects. There are some cases (projects), based on smart city technologies that have been identified for immediate implementation by the Smart City Roadmap. (Source: The digital transformation strategy for Sofia: A platform for smart growth; Digital Cities Challenge Initiative)
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• Distributed platform of urban data - creating a Data Lake – a storage repository that holds a vast amount of raw data in its native format, including structured, semi-structured and unstructured data. The data lake will not only be used to store data from and for the municipality but also business, citizens, academia. After creating the data lake, we would expand with different modules used for analytics, visualisation, and modelling, thus creating a data hub.
  General goal – help stakeholders be more informed and facilitate evidence-based policy making.
• Sofia’s Digital twin (cyber-physical platform for decision-making optimisation) - digital twin – a digital profile of the physical city that helps to optimise its performance and can be used as a platform for planning and decision-making but also experimentation, and research and development.
  General goal – help decision makers and experts to better plan and make decisions about the development of the city.
• Online platform for services in schools - for a few years now there has been an operating system for acceptance and attendance in kindergartens. Expanding it to the public schools and building new functionalities that allow new e-services.
  General goal – improve the communication between student parents and schools.
•  Dashboard for real-time utilities consumption  - creation of e-utility services helping buildings' owners save energy, gas and water using smart sensors. Creation of a mobile app/website for following utility consumption in real time. Testing in 3-5 properties (manufacturing, administrative, residential, retail). 
  General goal – optimisation of utility costs.
• Development of utilities efficiency model - development of a single model for efficiency based on meteorological conditions – creating an online platform for data collection and analysis that helps utility companies to increase the efficiency of resource utilisation.
  General goal - increased efficiency and service quality
• Transport modelling - creation of a dynamic transport model of the city. To be used to test scenarios.
  General goal - better planning and mobility management in the city.
• Integrated Mobility Platform - creation of an integrated mobility platform that provides real time information about all types of transport and routes in the city.
  General goal - optimise mobility as a service  
• Neighbourhood car sharing - building a platform for shared electric cars for a certain number of neighbouring residential buildings.
  General goal - improve the urban environment.
• Digital and physical space for startups located in Sofia - development of new or customisation of an existing e-platform for startups and scaleups. Creation of an office space for consultations for founders. The team there would also be responsible for synchronising, supporting and developing existing initiatives engaged with inspiring entrepreneurial qualities and innovative thinking.
  General goal - promote entrepreneurial qualities and innovative thinking among young people, improve founders’ entrepreneurial skills, make it easier for startups and investors to connect.

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​The Sofia Smart City Marketplace is an initiative of Cluster Sofia Knowledge City to develop a platform for publishing, storing and open access to a database of validated or ready-to-validate product and technological innovations that can be used in the process of transforming the city into a smart city.

​It is designed for those local government officials responsible for the development of the smart city by providing them with a simplified process for finding information on the latest products, applications, technologies and technological solutions with which the municipal structures can cope more successfully. The platform is beta version https://smartcitymarketplace.eu/.
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The agenda of the smart city of Burgas supports the city's smart city planning and development. The city is now keen to create a structure to its ambitions and is developing a Smart City Roadmap that refines its strategic intent and prioritises future investment intentions accordingly.

​The smart city of Burgas integrates technology with infrastructure to enable urban development that is more intelligent, interconnected, and efficient. Because of its manageable size and other endowments, Burgas is the perfect “urban laboratory” in which to test smart applications in a relatively controlled environment. The municipality’s commitment to a considered programme of further interventions that will form the mosaic of its proposed Smart City Roadmap will only make it smarter. There are some examples from a smart city planning agenda:

The Smart Cities Information System is a knowledge platform to exchange data, experience and know-how and to collaborate on the creation of smart cities, providing a high quality of life for its citizens in a clean, energy efficient and climate friendly urban environment.

SCIS brings together project developers, cities, research institutions, industry, experts and citizens from across Europe. SCIS focuses on people and their stories – bringing to life best practices and lessons learned from smart projects. Through storytelling, SCIS portrays the “human element” of changing cities. It restores qualitative depth to inspire replication and, of course, to spread the knowledge of smart ideas and technologies - not only to a scientific community, but also to the broad public! 

​Launched with support from the European Commission, SCIS encompasses data, experience and stories collected from completed, ongoing and future projects.

Focusing on energy, mobility & transport and ICT, SCIS thus showcases solutions in the fields of energy-efficiency in buildings, energy system integration, sustainable energy solutions on district level, smart cities and communities and strategic sustainable urban planning. Projects in the scope of SCIS are mostly co-funded by the European Commission, for example: the 12 Horizon 2020 Smart Cities and Communities (SCC1) projects (such as Triangulum, Sharing Cities or Stardust), the 7th Framework Programme projects CELSIUS and City-zen, and many more!

SCIS therefore analyses project results and experiences to:

• establish best practices which will enable project developers and cities to learn and replicate.
• identify barriers and point out lessons learned, with the purpose of finding better solutions for technology implementations and policy development.
• provide recommendations to policy makers and policy actions needed to address market gaps.

This material is prepared for the needs of Output 1 of the SMART project and is based on the market study conducted by the Cluster Sofia Knowledge City in 2019, supported by some of the members of the SMART project team at that time.

By smart city technologies are meant those technologies that refer to the concept of a smart city, most often these are digital and/or data-based technologies that are applicable in the real conditions of the city and contribute to the city's coping with public problems or challenges. In smart cities, these technologies are used to develop "critical infrastructure" in the following areas: transport, water and waste management, construction, energy, security, education, health, and urban management.
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The following areas of application of these technologies are presented below. All of them are known cumulatively in most of the smart cities around the world, which are at different stages in the process of transformation. This list does not represent all areas of application at all and is only an introduction for a better understanding of the way and reasons for the penetration of these technologies.

• Autonomous vehicles - vehicles equipped with sensors and software to work alone; full self-management capability (level 4) is achieved when human intervention is not expected to take control at any time.
• Bicycle sharing - bicycles for public use, either in docking centers or as freely used, to provide an alternative to riding, public transport, and private bicycle ownership. This option can cover the first mile / last mile segment when public transport does not take a door-to-door journey.
• Car sharing - access to short-term use of cars without full ownership; can be bidirectional (station-based), unidirectional (free-floating), spot-to-spot, or partial.
• Congestion pricing - fees for using a personal car in certain areas, during peak demand, or both.
• Demand-based micro-transit - sharing services with fixed routes, fixed stops, or both, often complementing existing public transit routes. The algorithms use a historical search to determine routes, vehicle size, and travel frequency. May include seat reservation options.
• Payment by digital public transport - digital and contactless payment systems in public transport, which allow prepayment and faster upload. Includes smart cards and mobile payments.
• Electronic call (private and combined) - the real-time ordering of point-to-point transportation via a mobile device. Unified e-ringing involves the dynamic connection of individual journeys with compatible routes to increase vehicle utilization (ie local real-time search optimization).
• Integrated multimodal information - real-time information on price, time, and availability of transport options in many modes.
• Intelligent road signals - improving overall traffic by dynamically optimizing traffic lights and speed limits, leading to higher average road speeds and less frequent stopping and returning. Includes preferential light technology that prioritizes emergency vehicles, public buses, or both.
• Consolidation of the parcel load - online matching of the demand for supplies with the available supply of freight capacity. By making maximum use of vehicles, fewer trucks make more deliveries.
• Predictable maintenance of transport infrastructure - sensory monitoring of the condition of public transport and related infrastructure (such as rails, roads, and bridges) so that predictive maintenance can be performed before accidents and disruptions occur.
• Real-time public transport information - real-time arrival and departure information for modes of public transport, including informal bus systems.
• Real-time road navigation - real-time navigation tools for selecting driving routes, with signals for construction, detours, traffic jams, and accidents. This is especially true for those who drive alone or in a car.
• Smart mailboxes - boxes in a place where people can pick up packages using individual access codes sent to their mobile devices.
• Smart parking - systems that direct drivers directly to the available spaces; may affect demand through variable charges.

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• Leak detection and control - remote monitoring of the condition of the pipes with the help of sensors and control of the pump pressure to reduce or prevent water leakage. Early identification of leaks can lead to follow-up by relevant city departments and utilities.
• Smart irrigation - optimizing irrigation by analysing information such as local weather, soil conditions, plant species, etc. to eliminate unnecessary watering.
• Monitoring of water consumption - feedback (via a mobile application, e-mail, text, etc.) on the water consumption of the occupant in order to raise awareness and reduce consumption. Smart water meters allow utilities to measure consumption remotely, reducing labour costs for a manual meter reading. It also allows for dynamic pricing.
• Water quality monitoring - real-time water quality monitoring (in networks, rivers, oceans, etc.) through signals delivered to the public through channels such as a mobile application, e-mail, text or website. This warns the public to avoid consumption or contact with polluted water and to make cities and utilities follow the problem immediately.
• Digital tracking and payment for waste disposal - digital payment systems according to the volume of generated waste; includes feedback (via mobile app, email, text, etc.) provided to users to raise awareness and reduce waste.
• Optimization of the waste collection route - use of sensors in the waste containers to measure the volume of waste and direct the routes of waste trucks. This application restricts the travel of garbage trucks to bins with a small amount of waste.

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• Building automation systems - systems that optimize the use of energy and water in commercial and public buildings by using sensors and analysis to manually or automatically eliminate inefficiencies. Includes optimized lighting and HVAC, as well as features such as access/security control and parking information.
• Home energy automation systems - optimization of energy consumption from the home by using intelligent thermostats, programmable and remotely controlled electronic devices (smart home), and control of backup electricity.
• Tracking energy consumption in the home - tracking the consumption of electricity in homes with feedback provided to the consumer through a mobile application, e-mail, or text to raise consumer awareness and promote their protection. It also allows utilities to remotely measure electricity use.

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• Supply automation systems - various types of smart grid technologies, including FDIR, M&D, Volt / Var, and substation automation, to optimize energy efficiency and grid stability.
• Dynamic electricity pricing - dynamic adjustment of electricity prices to reduce electricity consumption and reduce electricity generation costs. By reducing peak consumption, cities can reduce the number of power plants that operate during peak hours.
• Intelligent street lamps - connected and equipped with sensors energy-saving street lights (including LED), which optimize brightness and reduce maintenance needs. Smart street lights can be equipped with speakers, shot sensors, and other features to improve functionality

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• Body cameras - audio, video or photographic recording systems commonly used by police officers to record incidents and police operations.
• Crowd management - technology for monitoring and, where necessary, guiding crowds to ensure safety.
• Data-based building inspections - use of data and analysis to focus inspections on the buildings with the highest potential risks (e.g. prioritization of commercial buildings for fire code inspections and homes for lead inspections).
• Disaster Early Warning Systems - technology designed to anticipate and mitigate the effects of natural disasters such as hurricanes, earthquakes, floods and forest fires.
• Emergency response optimization - the use of analyses and technologies to optimize the processing of emergency calls and field operations, such as the strategic deployment of emergency vehicles.
• Shot Detection - Acoustic surveillance technology that includes audio sensors to detect, locate and alert police agencies to real-time shooting incidents.
• Home security systems - security systems that monitor homes and alert users, emergency services, or both, to unusual activity.
• Personal alarm applications - applications that alert you to an emergency by alerting the Emergency Center, loved ones, or both. Devices (such as personal protective equipment, crash detectors, and fall warning systems) can transmit location and voice data.
• Predictable control - the use of big data and analysis (including social media monitoring) to predict more accurately where and when crimes are likely to occur. These systems are used to deploy police patrols and prevent prevention.
• Real-time crime mapping - a technology used by law enforcement to map, visualize and analyse crime incident models. Information gathering and intelligence serves as a management tool for the efficient allocation of resources and accountability among employees.
• Intelligent surveillance - intelligent monitoring to detect anomalies based on visual emissions, including face recognition, intelligent closed-circuit television systems and registration number recognition.

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• Personalized learning - the use of data from students to identify people who need extra attention or resources; the potential for adapting the learning environment for individual students.
• Online retraining programs - lifelong learning opportunities provided in digital format, especially to help people who are unemployed or at risk of becoming unemployed to acquire new skills.
• Local e-career centers - online platforms for publishing open positions and profiles of candidates; can use algorithms to match compatible candidates with available jobs.
• Reduce job search time and increase net new employment.

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• Public health interventions based on maternal and child health data - use of analyses to target highly targeted health interventions for at-risk groups (in this case, identification of pregnant and new mothers to conduct educational campaigns for and postnatal care).
• Public-based health interventions to improve sanitation and hygiene - use of analyses to target highly targeted interventions, such as understanding where to increase rainfall absorption capacity or collecting data on sewage leaks systems.
• Urgent aid alerts - technologies that alert passers-by trained in CPR so that victims of cardiac arrest receive prompt and urgent care.
• Monitoring of infectious diseases - collection, analysis and response to prevent the spread of infectious and epidemic diseases. Includes awareness and vaccination campaigns (eg for HIV / AIDS).
• Integrated patient flow management systems - real-time hardware and software solutions that provide visibility to where patients are in the system to improve hospital operations and coordinate use at the city or multi-site level.
• Lifestyle clothing - portable devices that collect data on lifestyle and activity indicators and inform the user; they can promote exercise or other aspects of a healthy lifestyle.
• Online care search and planning - tools that support the selection of providers and providers with financial and clinical transparency.
• Real-time air quality information - real-time sensors to detect and monitor the presence of air pollution (outdoor, indoor, or both). Individuals can view the information online or on a personal device and decide to change their behaviour accordingly.
• Remote patient monitoring - collection and transmission of patient data for analysis and intervention by the healthcare provider elsewhere (eg monitoring of vital signs or blood sugar). Includes drug adherence technologies that help patients take medications as recommended by their healthcare provider.
• Telemedicine - virtual interaction of the patient and the doctor through audio-visual technology

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• Obtaining licenses and permits for business digitally - a digitalized process (as an online portal) for companies to obtain licenses and permits for operation.
• Digital Tax Submission - a business channel to perform online tax filing.
• Obtaining permits for the use of land and buildings by digital means - digitalization and automation of the application process for permitting the use of land and construction, reducing the time for approval, and increasing transparency.
• Open database for the cadastre - a complete database for the plots in the city, open to the public; allows for a more efficient land market by creating transparency of available land and reducing the cost of registering plots.
• Peer-to-peer accommodation platforms - digital markets where individual owners can list and rent properties for short-term accommodation.
• Digital civil services - digitalization of state administrative services aimed at citizens, such as filing income tax, registering cars or applying for unemployment benefits.
• Local applications of civic engagement - public engagement in urban issues through digital applications. It may include reporting problems and maintenance needs (for example, reporting broken street lamps through an application), providing information on policy decisions, participating in digital urban initiatives (such as open data hackathons), and interacting with city authorities and social services departments. networks,
• Local communication platforms - websites or mobile applications that help people connect and potentially meet other people in their community. It can be used to find people with similar interests and hobbies, to connect with neighbours, etc

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The SMART project is aimed at developing new competencies of the SMEs managers to manage deep-tech businesses in one very fast-growing market - the smart cities. The penetration of so-called smart city technologies results in the creation of new markets and requirements for new skills. On the basis for the achievement of this purpose is laid the map of digital smart disruptions.
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This short article explains some important terms and the approach implemented in this project.
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The picture is worth a thousand words - Fred R. Barnard.
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The map of digital and smart disruptions provides an easy for understanding and learning overview and analysis of how digital and disruptive technologies (innovations) do shape the smart city concept. The map includes the results generated by the focus group and corrected later by the partners with the results from the research on the technologies advances, level of change and impact, performance, purpose, and fit.

The map is a two-dimensional cross factorial analysis matrix made with different instruments in diverse forms (Fig.1). 

The ultimate purpose of a map is to improve the scenario planning of businesses and the cities in the process of their transformation into smart cities and to point out the opportunities for involvement of the businesses in the process. So, this can be treated as a sample of an opportunity map for every city in the process of urban management and for every company in the process of innovation management.

In the case of the project SMART, the map will present the results of the studies and research of the project partners in a systematic and simplified way, based on:

1. the conclusion and definition of the smart city’ technologies that might be a source for disruptive innovations in the main city’s areas. Every identified technology can be studied in regard to the market, product/service, delivery methods, production model and business model.
   
   
2. the conclusion and presentation of what the main smart city’s areas are, where the process of transformation is carried out, what their needs are, barriers and stimulations for smart technologies implementations;
   
   
3. the level of penetration of the smart city’ technologies into the smart city’s areas - the less level of penetration the less-differentiated business opportunities can be generated for applications in the near future. On the other hand, more deep-tech smart city applications are possible in the cities with a higher level of penetration of such technologies;
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4. the opportunities for the businesses and impact of these technologies and their application for the business growth and the cities transformation. The map has a digital format and encompasses all potential companies including start-ups and corporates which work or would like to move to the smart city segment.

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The definition of the disruptive innovation given by Clayton Christensen is the innovation that creates a new market and value network and eventually disrupts an existing market and value network, displacing established market-leading firms, products, and alliances. The following benefits and changes coming from the disruptive innovations are identified:

• everything that could be digital will become digital, technology will be embedded widely in products and services in a near term;
• customers look for high levels of personalization and individual approach and service;
• subscription-based business models and pay-per-click are rising;
• shortened product life cycle - on the one hand, the pace at which new products are adopted (number of years until x % penetration has been reached) increases. On the other hand, product life cycles are shortening. With technology products even to three or six months. For SMEs that invest and develop digital innovations the revenue stream is generated by products launched within the previous years.
• the use is replacing possessions - very often customers prefer to use the product, rent it or pay only for the time if using it.

Following this definition, it is easy to presume that in general the “disruptive smart city technology” is any kind of emerging, advanced & digital (but not only) technology that can generate disruptive innovations creating benefits and many changes in the context of an urban (territorial) area and if this process is well managed it should result in a better life of the citizen.

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The mapping is a structured process, focused on a topic or construct of interest, involving input from many participants, that produces an interpretable pictorial view (concept map) of their ideas and concepts and how these are interrelated. The mapping helps partners to think more effectively as a group without losing their individuality. It helps the project group to manage the complexity of the vision on the smart city disruptive technologies without trivializing them or losing detail.

The mapping process is one of the portfolios of many other similar methods that management and social scientists have developed like brainstorming, brainwriting, nominal group techniques, focus groups, affinity mapping, Delphi techniques, facet theory, and qualitative text analysis. The mapping process is focused on the major shifts from the business perspective and how these changes will affect the growth.

It uses focus groups to understand and analyse the impact of smart city technologies and their application for business growth. The trends, types of technology, and levels of transformation are included in studying within the process. Consequently, the project partners have to study a framework of the following five dimensions of these technologies:

• market - customer segments, citizens’ participation, needs, behaviours, trends;
• products and services - user experience, brands, product features, functionalities;
• delivery methods - supply chains, delivery models for online and offline business;
• production model - co-creation, co-development, production technologies, facilities, software, hardware, HR, etc.;
• business model - how revenue and cost models look like, what partnerships are developed, how public-private partnerships work, and what best practices are in place in terms of innovation.

The study includes the level of impact and change of the emerging technologies - so, what does exist now and what is the current maturity level (according to Gartner).
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The process is placed in a focus group that is facilitated by the leader of the mapping process. A mapping process in a such group involves five steps that can take place in a period of time, planned for the output and depending on the project development situation.
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1. The first step is preparation of the focus group. There are three things to be done here. The leader of the mapping process identifies who the participants will be in the focus group. It is a relatively small group of participants from the stakeholders involved (8-10 persons). Then, the leader works with the participants to develop the focus for the project. In this case, the group is focused on defining what the smart city disruption technologies are and on choosing what challenges (problems) areas to map (prognosis) in all of the outcomes (impacts) they might expect to be seen as a result.
   
   
2. In the second step (generation step) the participants in the focus group develop a large set of statements that address this focus. They generate statements that describe the advanced technologies that are currently used in smart city areas and mark what is their level of penetration. They also generate statements describing specific outcomes that might occur as a result of the implementation of these technologies. A wide variety of methods can be used to accomplish this including traditional brainstorming, and so on.
   
   The group will generate finally many and diverse statements for possible current and future applications of smart disruptive technologies in smart cities, answering the following questions:
   - What of the city’s challenges (problems) do you know as already resolved based on the defined in the first stage smart city disruptive technologies?
   - What other challenges (problems) could be resolved with the smart city disruptive technologies in the cities of future?
   
   
3. In the third, the structuring step, the participants select and sort the statements into groups (clusters) of similar ones, and every participant rate each of the statements on some scale for their relative importance and level of penetration of the technologies in the respective areas, from the 1-to-5 scale. In this stage, the group can use the results from facts finding and studies that are already in place done by the project partners. The participants in the group can receive, use, and interpret the gathered reports, analyses, and the open access papers on emerging & smart disruptive technologies and their use before the final evaluation (scoring).
   
   
4. The fourth, the representation stage is where the analysis is done - this is the process of taking the sort and rating input and “representing” it in a matrix form. Every group of similar statements and received scoring on the level of penetration will be located in a proper and logically defined field of the matrix. So, every area in the result will be filled or empty. The empty fields will have to be analysed in-depth and the marked field will have a group of statements that well describe the current and future situation of the smart city disruptive technologies and their possible impact.
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5. Finally, the utilization and interpretation step involves the use of the map to help address the original focus. On the programme side, the maps can be used as a visual framework to prove the results of the analyses and the reports that the partners have generated or for their possible improvements. The map can be used for developing measures and displaying results and for further analyses and planning when a scenario approach is needed. The interpretation is easy. The empty or low-level evaluated areas, if they are not resulting in a lack of competences and information, will generate opportunities for the business to proactive product/services development, investing in R&D and for upskilling new talents.

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Author
KISMC