Where are Smart city technologies used? Areas of application.

This material is prepared for the needs of Output 1 of the SMART project and is based on the market study conducted by the Cluster Sofia Knowledge City in 2019, supported by some of the members of the SMART project team at that time.

By smart city technologies are meant those technologies that refer to the concept of a smart city, most often these are digital and/or data-based technologies that are applicable in the real conditions of the city and contribute to the city's coping with public problems or challenges. In smart cities, these technologies are used to develop "critical infrastructure" in the following areas: transport, water and waste management, construction, energy, security, education, health, and urban management.
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The following areas of application of these technologies are presented below. All of them are known cumulatively in most of the smart cities around the world, which are at different stages in the process of transformation. This list does not represent all areas of application at all and is only an introduction for a better understanding of the way and reasons for the penetration of these technologies.

Smart Transport

• Autonomous vehicles - vehicles equipped with sensors and software to work alone; full self-management capability (level 4) is achieved when human intervention is not expected to take control at any time.
• Bicycle sharing - bicycles for public use, either in docking centers or as freely used, to provide an alternative to riding, public transport, and private bicycle ownership. This option can cover the first mile / last mile segment when public transport does not take a door-to-door journey.
• Car sharing - access to short-term use of cars without full ownership; can be bidirectional (station-based), unidirectional (free-floating), spot-to-spot, or partial.
• Congestion pricing - fees for using a personal car in certain areas, during peak demand, or both.
• Demand-based micro-transit - sharing services with fixed routes, fixed stops, or both, often complementing existing public transit routes. The algorithms use a historical search to determine routes, vehicle size, and travel frequency. May include seat reservation options.
• Payment by digital public transport - digital and contactless payment systems in public transport, which allow prepayment and faster upload. Includes smart cards and mobile payments.
• Electronic call (private and combined) - the real-time ordering of point-to-point transportation via a mobile device. Unified e-ringing involves the dynamic connection of individual journeys with compatible routes to increase vehicle utilization (ie local real-time search optimization).
• Integrated multimodal information - real-time information on price, time, and availability of transport options in many modes.
• Intelligent road signals - improving overall traffic by dynamically optimizing traffic lights and speed limits, leading to higher average road speeds and less frequent stopping and returning. Includes preferential light technology that prioritizes emergency vehicles, public buses, or both.
• Consolidation of the parcel load - online matching of the demand for supplies with the available supply of freight capacity. By making maximum use of vehicles, fewer trucks make more deliveries.
• Predictable maintenance of transport infrastructure - sensory monitoring of the condition of public transport and related infrastructure (such as rails, roads, and bridges) so that predictive maintenance can be performed before accidents and disruptions occur.
• Real-time public transport information - real-time arrival and departure information for modes of public transport, including informal bus systems.
• Real-time road navigation - real-time navigation tools for selecting driving routes, with signals for construction, detours, traffic jams, and accidents. This is especially true for those who drive alone or in a car.
• Smart mailboxes - boxes in a place where people can pick up packages using individual access codes sent to their mobile devices.
• Smart parking - systems that direct drivers directly to the available spaces; may affect demand through variable charges.

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Smart Water & Waste Management

• Leak detection and control - remote monitoring of the condition of the pipes with the help of sensors and control of the pump pressure to reduce or prevent water leakage. Early identification of leaks can lead to follow-up by relevant city departments and utilities.
• Smart irrigation - optimizing irrigation by analysing information such as local weather, soil conditions, plant species, etc. to eliminate unnecessary watering.
• Monitoring of water consumption - feedback (via a mobile application, e-mail, text, etc.) on the water consumption of the occupant in order to raise awareness and reduce consumption. Smart water meters allow utilities to measure consumption remotely, reducing labour costs for a manual meter reading. It also allows for dynamic pricing.
• Water quality monitoring - real-time water quality monitoring (in networks, rivers, oceans, etc.) through signals delivered to the public through channels such as a mobile application, e-mail, text or website. This warns the public to avoid consumption or contact with polluted water and to make cities and utilities follow the problem immediately.
• Digital tracking and payment for waste disposal - digital payment systems according to the volume of generated waste; includes feedback (via mobile app, email, text, etc.) provided to users to raise awareness and reduce waste.
• Optimization of the waste collection route - use of sensors in the waste containers to measure the volume of waste and direct the routes of waste trucks. This application restricts the travel of garbage trucks to bins with a small amount of waste.

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Smart Construction

• Building automation systems - systems that optimize the use of energy and water in commercial and public buildings by using sensors and analysis to manually or automatically eliminate inefficiencies. Includes optimized lighting and HVAC, as well as features such as access/security control and parking information.
• Home energy automation systems - optimization of energy consumption from the home by using intelligent thermostats, programmable and remotely controlled electronic devices (smart home), and control of backup electricity.
• Tracking energy consumption in the home - tracking the consumption of electricity in homes with feedback provided to the consumer through a mobile application, e-mail, or text to raise consumer awareness and promote their protection. It also allows utilities to remotely measure electricity use.

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Smart Energy

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• Supply automation systems - various types of smart grid technologies, including FDIR, M&D, Volt / Var, and substation automation, to optimize energy efficiency and grid stability.
• Dynamic electricity pricing - dynamic adjustment of electricity prices to reduce electricity consumption and reduce electricity generation costs. By reducing peak consumption, cities can reduce the number of power plants that operate during peak hours.
• Intelligent street lamps - connected and equipped with sensors energy-saving street lights (including LED), which optimize brightness and reduce maintenance needs. Smart street lights can be equipped with speakers, shot sensors, and other features to improve functionality

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Smart Security

• Body cameras - audio, video or photographic recording systems commonly used by police officers to record incidents and police operations.
• Crowd management - technology for monitoring and, where necessary, guiding crowds to ensure safety.
• Data-based building inspections - use of data and analysis to focus inspections on the buildings with the highest potential risks (e.g. prioritization of commercial buildings for fire code inspections and homes for lead inspections).
• Disaster Early Warning Systems - technology designed to anticipate and mitigate the effects of natural disasters such as hurricanes, earthquakes, floods and forest fires.
• Emergency response optimization - the use of analyses and technologies to optimize the processing of emergency calls and field operations, such as the strategic deployment of emergency vehicles.
• Shot Detection - Acoustic surveillance technology that includes audio sensors to detect, locate and alert police agencies to real-time shooting incidents.
• Home security systems - security systems that monitor homes and alert users, emergency services, or both, to unusual activity.
• Personal alarm applications - applications that alert you to an emergency by alerting the Emergency Center, loved ones, or both. Devices (such as personal protective equipment, crash detectors, and fall warning systems) can transmit location and voice data.
• Predictable control - the use of big data and analysis (including social media monitoring) to predict more accurately where and when crimes are likely to occur. These systems are used to deploy police patrols and prevent prevention.
• Real-time crime mapping - a technology used by law enforcement to map, visualize and analyse crime incident models. Information gathering and intelligence serves as a management tool for the efficient allocation of resources and accountability among employees.
• Intelligent surveillance - intelligent monitoring to detect anomalies based on visual emissions, including face recognition, intelligent closed-circuit television systems and registration number recognition.

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Smart Education

• Personalized learning - the use of data from students to identify people who need extra attention or resources; the potential for adapting the learning environment for individual students.
• Online retraining programs - lifelong learning opportunities provided in digital format, especially to help people who are unemployed or at risk of becoming unemployed to acquire new skills.
• Local e-career centers - online platforms for publishing open positions and profiles of candidates; can use algorithms to match compatible candidates with available jobs.
• Reduce job search time and increase net new employment.

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Smart Healthcare

• Public health interventions based on maternal and child health data - use of analyses to target highly targeted health interventions for at-risk groups (in this case, identification of pregnant and new mothers to conduct educational campaigns for and postnatal care).
• Public-based health interventions to improve sanitation and hygiene - use of analyses to target highly targeted interventions, such as understanding where to increase rainfall absorption capacity or collecting data on sewage leaks systems.
• Urgent aid alerts - technologies that alert passers-by trained in CPR so that victims of cardiac arrest receive prompt and urgent care.
• Monitoring of infectious diseases - collection, analysis and response to prevent the spread of infectious and epidemic diseases. Includes awareness and vaccination campaigns (eg for HIV / AIDS).
• Integrated patient flow management systems - real-time hardware and software solutions that provide visibility to where patients are in the system to improve hospital operations and coordinate use at the city or multi-site level.
• Lifestyle clothing - portable devices that collect data on lifestyle and activity indicators and inform the user; they can promote exercise or other aspects of a healthy lifestyle.
• Online care search and planning - tools that support the selection of providers and providers with financial and clinical transparency.
• Real-time air quality information - real-time sensors to detect and monitor the presence of air pollution (outdoor, indoor, or both). Individuals can view the information online or on a personal device and decide to change their behaviour accordingly.
• Remote patient monitoring - collection and transmission of patient data for analysis and intervention by the healthcare provider elsewhere (eg monitoring of vital signs or blood sugar). Includes drug adherence technologies that help patients take medications as recommended by their healthcare provider.
• Telemedicine - virtual interaction of the patient and the doctor through audio-visual technology

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Smart City Management

• Obtaining licenses and permits for business digitally - a digitalized process (as an online portal) for companies to obtain licenses and permits for operation.
• Digital Tax Submission - a business channel to perform online tax filing.
• Obtaining permits for the use of land and buildings by digital means - digitalization and automation of the application process for permitting the use of land and construction, reducing the time for approval, and increasing transparency.
• Open database for the cadastre - a complete database for the plots in the city, open to the public; allows for a more efficient land market by creating transparency of available land and reducing the cost of registering plots.
• Peer-to-peer accommodation platforms - digital markets where individual owners can list and rent properties for short-term accommodation.
• Digital civil services - digitalization of state administrative services aimed at citizens, such as filing income tax, registering cars or applying for unemployment benefits.
• Local applications of civic engagement - public engagement in urban issues through digital applications. It may include reporting problems and maintenance needs (for example, reporting broken street lamps through an application), providing information on policy decisions, participating in digital urban initiatives (such as open data hackathons), and interacting with city authorities and social services departments. networks,
• Local communication platforms - websites or mobile applications that help people connect and potentially meet other people in their community. It can be used to find people with similar interests and hobbies, to connect with neighbours, etc

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Author
KISMC